Sources & reading
Research, definitions, and public health guidance for the ideas in this guide.
The source notes distinguish mathematical definitions from guidance on gambling harms. The everyday examples are illustrative, not research findings. Linking a source does not imply that its authors endorse this site.
Outcome bias in decision evaluation
Baron & Hershey, 1988. Research on how knowing an outcome affects judgments about a decision.
Mean, expected value, and standard deviation
OpenStax. Definitions and worked examples for averages and variation in random outcomes.
Structural characteristics of fixed-odds sports betting products
Newall, Russell & Hing, 2021. A review of features including in-play betting and complex bets.
Does learning about the mathematics of gambling change gambling behavior?
Williams & Connolly, 2006. A university study found better mathematical understanding without a corresponding reduction in gambling behavior.
Free offers and bonuses
UK Gambling Commission. Examples of promotion conditions. UK consumer rules do not apply everywhere.
Help for problems with gambling
NHS. Signs of harm and practical ways to get support. Its listed services are primarily UK-based.
Recognizing gambling problems
National Council on Problem Gambling. General guidance on chasing, increasing stakes, loss of control, and harms beyond money.
National Problem Gambling Helpline
National Council on Problem Gambling. U.S. support for people affected by their own or someone else’s gambling.